Primero de todo, quisiera tributar los mayores honores morales y espirituales a nuestros bisabuelos y tátarabuelos, nuestras bisabuelas y tátarabuelas, que dieron su todo, hasta sus vidas, por la lucha revolucionaria entre 1896 y 1913 (en este último año los estadounidenses ejecutaron por horca en la cárcel de Bilibid al último Supremo del Katipunan, el general Macario Sakay, a quien capturaron por engaño).
En la foto se ve que los katipuneros vestían los uniformes del ejército español (color blanco) a medida que iban capturando a los expedicionarios y sus uniformes de rayadillo. Lo mismo sus rifles Remington. Esto, porque nuestro ejército revolucionario apenas tenía armas y uniformes en la primera etapa.
Y aquí una fotografía de cazadores españoles disparando desde una casona (nótese el hermoso "perezoso" al fondo, con brazos largos para descansar las piernas; hay otro detrás, no tan bonito):
Yo me refería en la entrada anterior a esta, al libro de la periodista cubana, Avelina Correa, que trata de sus memorias de haber sido capturada y hecha prisionera del KKK durante año y medio, entre 1898 y 1900.
Recién llegada en Manila con su esposo español, Alfonso Caos y Rebolledo, ella descubrió que fue el tío de Alfonso, Germán Quiles, quien introdujo los vehículos llamados "quiles" en las calles de Manila:
Hay unos coches cerrados con asientos a los lados, semejantes a los quitrines, que se denominan quiles.
Dichos coches los inventó German Quiles, tío de mi difunto esposo y desde entonces se conocen con el nombre de Quiles
Esto me tomó por sorpresa, ya que en todos los libros de historia filipina en español que he leído, incluidos los diccionarios, nunca había topado con el término. Solo "carromata", "calesa".
Inmediatamente después de leer Impresiones Filipinas llegó mi hijo de visita a Chile y me trajo dos libros que conseguí en Amazon: las memorias de Deogracias González Hurtado, y la biografía novelada de César Mediano Weiker, investigación y narración de J. Moya-Angeler.
Don Deogracias llegó a Filipinas con 23 años.
Pudo escapar de Ilocos con ayuda de los americanos y volvió a España en 1900. Murió en 1930 de cáncer gástrico (enfermó por primera vez en Filipinas debido a los efectos nocivos de la guerra y las nefastas condiciones climáticas para los españoles). Pudo al retornar a su país lograr el bienestar económico y familiar gracias a su trabajo y habilidades de comerciante que ya practicaba antes de alistarse en el ejército.
Se salvó de la Guerra civil española. Suficientes sufrimientos padeció en Filipinas. Sus memorias son una revelación que vale la pena ser leídas por todos los filipinos.
Recién empiezo a leer.
Bueno, y Deogracias hace referencia a los quiles también:
"Al poco rato de haber pasado de este pueblo (Santo Domingo, Ilocos Sur) me ordenó el señorito subiera al quiles para acompañarle, y una vez en él me hizo algunas preguntas sobre la revolución de su pueblo y la muerte de su padre y hermano..." (164).
y:
"Terminada que fue aquella nos pusimos en marcha ellos para Vigan y nosotros para Candón. Volví a subir el quile (sic) con mi señorito y otra vez continuó nuestra conversación, cifrándola en la vida que habíamos de seguir una vez en su casa" (pág. 166).
Observación: En sus narraciones, tanto Avelina como Deogracias usaban letra cursiva para la palabra "quiles" y Deogracias también ocupaba "quile" sin la "s".
Me da la idea de que fue acuñada recién en los últimos años del siglo XIX y por esta razón se perdió o se dejó de usar bien entrada la época neocolonial estadounidense.
Fue un localismo de los 1880-1890 que no llegó a arraigarse tanto como ocurrió con las voces "calesa" y "carromata".
Imágenes del quitrín o volanta de los cubanos y el quiles de los filipinos:
Ojo: en Cuba el quitrín era un medio de transporte de la élite.
En Filipinas era de la gente urbana o que podía pagar.
Carromata tirada por un lindo especimen del caballo nativo, o "penco".
La calesa moderna:
Coincide con la descripción de Avelina: con asientos por los costados.
A postcard from the late 19th, early 20th century. It says below in English:
"A Provincial Quiles"
The English on the postcard tells me that the photo dates from the start of the U.S. regime, which was marked by an explosion of photography by many American soldiers of Filipino cities, towns, rural landscapes. (However, almost none of the homes and activities of the wealthy, which created a skewed imagery of that time.)
RAE has this entry, "calesa", stating that it comes from the French caleche, which in turn comes from the Czech word kolesa:
calesa1
Definición
Del fr. calèche, y este del checo kolesa.
f. Carruajedecuatroy, máscomúnmente, dedosruedas, conlacajaabiertapordelante,
How I first came across the term "quiles".
It was from reading the digital copy of the book:
ImpresionesFilipinas
(PAGINASDEUNAPRISIONERACUBANA)
Impressions of Filipinas: Pages from a Cuban prisoner of war.
by: AvelinaCorreadeMalvehy
Avelina is known as the first woman journalist of Cuba. This interesting character was held captive for a year and a half by the Katipunan after they killed her Spanish husband in Santo Tomás, a town near San Fernando, Pampanga, in May 1898. The leader of the KKK there was known as Tino.
They had just arrived from Spain. Her husband had been assigned to a public service position.
His name was Alfonso Caos de Rebolledo.
While she was a prisoner, being moved from town to town, living in houses and under the protection of a Spanish mestiza (who was also continually fleecing her of any money she was receiving as help from private citizens, even after they had been rescued and were in Manila; i.e., she was charging Avelina for her "protection"), Avelina delivered a baby girl.
Avelina finally returned to Cuba with her child, Alfonsa de los Milagros, in 1900. Later she remarried, hence her name as it appears in her book, "(señora) de Malvehy".
que permite apreciar mejor su morfología extraordinaria.
Ang manga bulkán na ito'y ang: Mayón, Hibok-Hibok, Kanlaón, Taal, Bulusan.
Translation: Five Volcanoes in Simultaneous Eruption: Mayón, Hibok-Hibok, Kanlaón, Taal and Bulusan.
I found a reference to a volcanic cataclysm in which three volcanoes erupted in 1641, from the historical work by a military man, Francisco Javier de Moya y Jiménez, published in 1882. In the References the following item appears. The conversion of the PDF to Word resulted in many errors, thus I can't be sure if the date is 11 January 1641. But at least the year and month are certain. The reference is to the author Raimundo de Magira, the triple eruption of Mayón, Taal and Bulusan. It states that of the three volcanoes, two are of fire and the other of water. I would guess that the one of water is Taal. But it's just a guess.
Magira (Raimundo de).—Suceso
raro de tres volcanes, dos de fuego y uno de agua, que. reventaron en ii de
Enero de 1641 en diferentes partes de estas Islas (Filipinas),
1641.
This is a new docu that I recommend highly, it's available to watch for free.
Here is the description by Del Bigtree:
What those trying to censor our new film, An Inconvenient Study, have missed, and the reality that the mainstream media, social media, and internet giants cannot change, is that the unpublished study was performed by the competent team at Henry Ford, comparing unvaccinated children to vaccinated children.
This unpublished study is not the only one of its kind; rather, it is among other studies comparing vaccinated versus unvaccinated groups, all of which had similar findings.
What sets this study apart is its size, involving over 18,000 children. The fact that it is conducted by credentialed scientists at a prestigious medical institution is also very noteworthy.
A wealthy young man. Modern Filipino of Chinese and Spanish descent.
Modern Filipino and Filipina.
Can we all just be Filipino?
I found an old Wikipedia rant on the above subject that dates back to 2011.
It's just exhausting. Truly, mind boggling. The labyrinths that people can construct around
the ideology, the religion, the dogma of APPEARANCES.
The human being, according these folks, is nothing but a certain color of bag of bones and muscle.
That's all we are. A color. Skin color. It's about white skin envy. And trying to undo what cannot be undone.
The author accuses Chinese people of trying to be white, in Filipino colonial times.
He says (I'm assuming it's a He) that there were practically no Europeans who went to live in Filipinas, only Chinese people, who became the Sangleys.
He didn't go all the way: he didn't state, declare, pontificate that Filipinos are not brown. We are sangley. I guess that means we are "Off-White".
You gotta laugh.
But okay, man, go on, continue, develop some kind of lucid train of thought. PROPOSE SOMETHING, other than this theory of color, as if we were nothing but leather shoes. Going this-away and that-away, and wanting --- OMG --- Dios mío --- Ay, Señor!!! --- Ay, Señol!!! --- Please Dear God, Make Me White.
So what, then? Okay, we are all sangleys, Rizal was Sangley (in some bizarre way this seems to be the Meaning of Life to this person, to get Rizal declared Sangley)..... THEN WHAT?
then WHAT?
THEN what?
Do you have anything else to say, apart from beating that Dead Horse to Death?
If we all get Sangley passports, will Human Destiny be Fulfilled?
Will Poverty, Ignorance, Disease, Alcoholism, SRA, Political Corruption, Nuclear War, Genocide, Environmental Destruction, Depression, Schizophrenia, Sociopathy, Psychopathy, Homelessness, Chronic Stupidity...
...go away?
Wow, if that were true, Hell I Wanna Be A Sangley!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Hell, I will unabashedly proclaim: God, Please Make Me White.
And in the meantime, beg, borrow or steal to fly back to Manila and buy up all the skin bleach products to burn my lovely brown but crepey-from-being-71 skin, OFF-WHITE.
But of course, nothing of the above sorts of PSYCHOTIC DELUSIONS could make any kind of a dent on this suffering, yet eternally and undeniably marvelous, wretched Humanity.
And yet, wretched as we are, it is pushing us toward the discovery of a GREATER REALITY, of the MAJOR REALITY.
Which you can only access, if you become a Poet.
Learn to unleash the Love Within. Your native creativity. No color. Every color. Colors never seen
in this dimension. Beyond the range of human visual perception. But that we can see and summon and realize within our inner worlds.
You see, whoever you are, because you didn't even have the balls to sign your name to that
pathetic article... it sounds to me like some White Person told you They Didn't Love You.
Have you noticed that there is some kind of lunacy going on, the HATE WHITE PEOPLE MOVEMENT?
Yeah, and it's so utterly boring but the mass communications worldwide are controlled by AI's
who HATE HUMANITY. Aside from being COSMICALLY STUPID.
Anyway, the only antidote to the pulp fiction that nutjobs like you churn out, is that genuine writers,
artists, scholars, historians, HUMAN BEINGS WHO ARE NOT FAKE (read: not clones, NPC's, shape shifting lizards, politicians, billionaires, satanists, to mention just a few...)
...who are real human beings, possess human genius, after honing it for years and years, with
the ability to self-sacrifice, persevere, disregard the bullying and marginalization that this 3D perversion-infested dimension subjects us all to, if we ever so much as SHINE for a NANOSECOND....
...discover the power that has been sleeping within, unleash it, unleash our creative power, to rise and
enter the infinite worlds that we are now more than ready to move our permanent addresses to.
This is all I wanted to comment, and just to end with a statement of principle:
NO. RIZAL WAS NOT A SANGLEY.
RIZAL WAS, IS AND WILL FOREVER BE: FILIPINO.
Uh... so when are you gonna start emulating him,
instead of sticking him in your little sangley box?
He can't fit in your teensy-weensy sangley box.
But you, you can still expand and grow into someone like
Photo of my mother, Felisa or Fely, with L to R: myself (9), Elvira (6), Emil (14), Rafael (12) and in front, Rico (4). On the road that faced our house in Pag-Asa, Project 6, Quezon City.
Behind us, a high school attended by working-class boys.
Behind me, a neighbor dog.
I think my Dad took the picture.
The picture is very blurred, but it shows a very attractive Filipina mother with her
five beautiful children.
American History Tellers | Philippine-American War: The Path to Independence | Podcasts - YouTube
Inbox
Comcast
2:21 PM (3 hours ago)
This is very interesting. The Filipino historian is quite brilliant. He brings up a lot of interesting
points about the attitudes of the Americans toward benevo
This is very interesting. The Filipino historian is quite brilliant. He brings up a lot of interesting points about the attitudes of the Americans toward benevolent simulation, and their Christianizing the Philippines, the hard reputation of the Spanish Catholics dating back to how they treated the Indians of Latin America. Describing them as dark Catholics.
Also speaking of the origins of the revolt against the Spaniards. It’s interesting how your take on Spanish rule has not really touched on the unequal treatment and racism of the Spaniards but rather the romanticizing of the era.
(Emphasis mine, not my brother's.)
Dissatisfaction with colonial rule was qualitatively transformed. Certain groups of people began thinking of themselves as no longer colonial subjects to the absolute rule of the Spanish king. But now began to think of themselves as possibly, potentially as equal citizens who would acclaim to equal treatment of the law; when that was denied to them they began to turn to the possibilities of separation, dreams of independence, movements to overthrow first through reform and then eventually by revolution to overthrow the rule of the Spaniards. Global changes as well as changes within the colony, economic, political, and social changes within the colony would spur this movement towards more radical attempts at revolution rather than the local events that preceded it in the colony. When Philippine nationalism did emerge in full bloom it was in some ways a result of conflict between church and state. Christian conversion and the catholic church were important players in the colonial regime. An emergent bunch of Filipino priests who were mestizos as well as Creole and Indio priests or native priests began to demand equal treatment with the Spanish friars who had monopolized the running of and the management of Filipino parishes and they were denied equal rights on the basis that they were not Spanish, they were treated as racially inferior to Spaniards and deemed to be incapable of running these parish churches and would emerge as sustained protests to this racist treatment on the part of Filipino priests and discourse among the Filipinos became a starting point for protest against Spanish rule on the basis of racist treatment by the Spaniards. This was in the 1860’s. By the 1870s and the 1880s many of the folks who were influenced by these Filipino priests looked to their discourse and their protests to demand equal treatment from the Spaniards at that time who were embroiled in the series of uprisings in Cuba were totally spooked and freaked out, they did not want to lose the Philippines like they did Latin America and so they responded with enormous amounts of repression, of censorship, with violence and the more violence they used against these Filipino nationalists the more militant they be came. Some of them were exiled, some of them were tortured and killed. By the time you came to the 1880s and 1890s things had wrapped up and intensified and many Filipinos who were nationalist were forced to go into exile some of them to Spain and France, where they continued to lobby for support. When these reforms were denied and Spain refused to listen, there was a turn towards movement to separation, of armed uprisings. By 1892, the emergence of the first organization that was dedicated toward Revolutionary armed struggle, and by 1896, after a series of events, this armed struggle exploded and continued through fits and starts until 1898 when the United States appeared on the scene as a consequence of the Spanish American war.
I’m curious, how did Don Pedro survive this Philippine revolution against the Spaniards. Was he hiding somewhere in Ilocos and was spared? Because if he was sent there as part of the civil guard, he was part of the repressive Spanish, who were to keep things in order. He’s lucky he wasn’t killed, but instead did he capitulate and ended up marrying a Filipino? I have a lot of questions about that.
(N.B.: Don Pedro Medina Benítez, our paternal great-grandfather from Montoro, Spain, who arrived in Filipinas in the 1880s, became a Guardia Civil in Dingrás,
Ilocos Norte. He sired our paternal grandfather Emilio Medina with our paternal grandmother Librada Lazo, and after that common-law relationship ended, he married another Dingrás lady, Prisca del Prado, had five sons and two daughters with her. One of them was Enrique Medina who was Public Service Commissioner of Manila in the 1960s. Lolo Pedro died in the 1930s in Manila.)
...
Liz Medina<isabel.de.ilocos@gmail.com>
3:56 PM (2 hours ago)
to Comcast
I'll watch it, thanks Hon.
Also speaking of the origins of the revolt against the Spaniards. It’s interesting how your take on Spanish rule has not really touched on the unequal treatment and racism of the Spaniards but rather the romanticizing of the era.
Well, this is true, and I think there is nothing wrong with feeling affection for the past. We were taught to hate it, and cling to simplistic beliefs like "the Spanish mestizos are assholes", "the Spanish colonial period was medieval, the U.S. modernized the Philippines" and "the Spaniards were bad colonialists, the Americans were the good colonialists who taught us democracy".
Yiiiiiikeeessss!!!
It's true that (as I am reading a young Cuban woman's account of her capture by the katipuneros and their murder of her Spanish husband), as Avelina Correa said in her testimonial memoir, the native Filipinos hated the Spanish mestizos even more than the Spaniards --- and they put them in the same bag as "kastilas". Even I as a child learned that Spanish mestizos are swangit, suplado(a), have a superiority complex (the other side of our inferiority complex), and so on and so forth.
I also saw my Dad, who was a Spanish mestizo and very much a señorito, as the most charming, handsome, attractive
character. He was also cultured, loved history, classical music, and he had certain principles he held to, such as not sucking up to anybody, having a sense of honor and behaving
with an air of quiet dignity.
Lolo Pedro probably survived the revolution because in the Ilocos Region the revolutionary fighting was not intense, as it was in the Tagalog provinces. It was bloodiest in the provinces of Manila (yes, Manila was referred to as a province), Tarlac, Bulacán, CAVITE, Laguna, Pampanga, BATANGAS, La Union...
And the native Filipinos became quite fond of the Spaniards who had intermarried and lived in the Philippines for decades. But if they were Spanish friars who were cruel or immoral, they were the targets of revolutionary vigilanteeism.
I did not write about our history just to perpetrate the "racism" accusations against the Spanish colonizers. No, my intention was to _make the Filipinos today realize that we were not really taught about the past in a balanced fashion_. That we were taught history FROM THE U.S. POINT OF VIEW, to make us better vassals of American imperialists. (I.e., New World Order, Illuminati).
This, honey, has never been done, because a huge mind control number was carried out on the future generations of Filipinos, under the U.S.
And so everything was conveniently blamed on the Spanish,
such as: "I don't want to speak Spanish, it was the language of the conquistadors!" (English, was not!)
Our historians and educators have never acknowledged that we were (and still are!) a _Hispanic-Filipino_ Republic, nation, culture, RACE.
We are a multicultural nation. The PURE FILIPINO was turned into some kind of fake hero. This was RACISM, honey.
It's called INDIGENISM. And it became politically correct during and after the U.S. period, when everything Spanish became anathema.
But we were not Spanish, we were Hispanic Filipinos.
And the Hispanic-Filipino was put in the same bag as
"Spanish". The weird concept was sneaked into our minds that the American-era Filipino was the same exact Filipino under Spain. I.e., that Bonifacio and Rizal were
identical to Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.
The same thing has happened in practically all formerly colonized nations under Spain, or anywhere where the colonized were a different color and culture from the colonizers.
There is a period where fanaticism promotes a distorted historical vision of the past.
But we as new generations have to gain OUR OWN vision, and this vision must HONOR the past by STUDYING IT SERIOUSLY.
Because in the case of Filipinas, not only did a fanatical anti-Spanish era become dogma during the U.S. era, it CONTINUED and STILL CONTINUES IN THE 21ST CENTURY.
And it is SO SUBTLE that most Filipinos (especially pro-U.S. Filipinos) still cling to the craziness that we are Malay because we are brown, and to claim that Filipinos are Hispanic is delusional because we are not handsome mestizos de español.
And we never spoke Spanish!
I mean, this is the HEIGHT OF IGNORANCE, RACISM and
STUPIDITY.
Actually, it is the same exact thing that our "historians" accused the kastila of doing: claiming the natives were an inferior race, without superior intelligence, little children incapable of reaching the development of the superior European race.
Then José Rizal appeared (who was just the most brilliant in the brilliant Pleyades of the Hispanic Filipino youth), to tear down the false pride of the ignoramus Spaniards (not all Spaniards were ignorant, stupid racists and cruel, btw). And HE WAS HISPANIC-FILIPINO. He was NOT an AMERICANIZED FILIPINO of the 20th Century.
I had to end up in Chile and go back to high school to realize how FASCINATING our colonial history is. Because when I was in school in Manila, I was taught A CARICATURIZED HISTORY. You didn't even go through it, because you left very young. But believe me, honey, Filipinos have a lack of identity precisely because we were not taught to LOVE OUR HISTORY.
To UNDERSTAND IT. The way we were taught was just an eternalization of false beliefs, false prejudices, and political correctness. Because the U.S. wanted us to worship the American period. Of course, there were a lot of university troublemakers, because there has been an underlying hostility against the U.S. for its invisible continued control over the Philippines.
And you know, we were brainwashed to believe the lie that Spanish was never the language of the Filipinos.
This is just SO ABSURD. This is why we can't even read the history books because they were written in Spanish. So we can only read books in English. So we cannot own our own history, if we can only study the English versions.
DUH!!!! You know, I don't read anything written in English anymore about our history. I'm just not interested. They have plenty of readers. They won't miss me.
Besides, FILIPINOS DON'T EVEN READ ANY BOOKS ABOUT THEIR HISTORY IN ENGLISH unless they are written about tsismis, by Filipino authors. But there is no tradition of scholarship in Spanish. In a country that was ruled by Spain for more than three centuries.
But there is A GIGANTIC scholarship in English, when we were only a formal colony of the U.S. for 46 years.
Hmmm.... don't you think that would mean there is a bias????
Sorry about this rant.
Because I am outside of academe, you never hear about my work, my voice, my contribution. But because that guy is from academe, he gets to be heard and read, and I don't know if I'm going to find his work interesting.
But seriously, I have to write a novel, hopefully a blockbuster, just so people might hear a "PEEP" from me, or about me.
Of course, my writings that were disseminated on the net by Revista Filipina (and not much else) are in Spanish, because I am part of the very small circle of Filipinos (academics, most of them) and Spanish (academics) who believe that Spanish must be returned to its category as a valid linguistic, literary, cultural heritage of the Filipino nation. So of course, I have to write in Spanish, and write VERY WELL. I have to prove my thesis: that our Spanish documentation is a wonderful treasure that can inspire a rebirth of Filipino letters _in Spanish_. This means, especially, the novel.
But again, hindi naman akong interesada na magpataasan nang ihi. Gusto ko lang, na bumalik ang espanyol sa Filipinas. At irespetohin ang ating kahapon, na napakahaba na bago dumating ang mga kanó sa Pilipinas at iniba nila ang pangalan nang ating bansa sa "Philippine Islands". Hindi eh, ang pangalan ng ating tinubuang lupa ay FILIPINAS.
xoxoxo
Liz
Vince Rafael
Liz Medina<isabel.de.ilocos@gmail.com>
4:24 PM (1 hour ago)
to enricomedina
Yeah, I met him in Valladolid in 1997. He's an
American Filipino, one of those academic superstars.
When I met him he
was famous for his application of Freudian concepts
to Filipino identity. But of course, he has also jumped
on the bandwagon of the "new take" (they call it
revisionism) on the Spanish period and its importance
for more complex historical insight, no longer simplis-
tic, boring theorizing about Filipino history or identity,
removed from its context (both internal and external,
national and global).
But notice how he _never_ mentions that a Hispanic-
Filipino identity and culture and HISTORY existed.
No, he talks about "resistance" against Spanish
colonization.
He doesn't talk about _coexistence_. He says that
the Phil. never became a settler colony like the Latin
American republics (many of which never became
settler colonies either!) because Filipinas was so far
away from Spain.
(There were many other reasons, btw, not just
physical distance. Most of all, a Social Contract was
established between the Spanish monarchy and the
Filipinos --- the principalía and the common tao, with
the important work of the missionaries' evangelization.
Without it, Spain could never have held on to the
archipelago for over three centuries.)
Besides, WHAT THE HELL WERE THE SPANISH DOING IN
FILIPINAS FOR 3 CENTURIES, IF NOT SETTLING THERE?
What I stated in my Valladolid paper in 1997 about
Hispanic-Filipino identity is that the native Filipinos
entered into a _marriage_, an agreement to accept
vassalage under the Spanish monarchs, in exchange
for _protection_ from a more powerful ruler who
promised to aid them against Muslim piracy and
mass harvesting of slaves.
No, they never mention this. Actually, it was super
easy for Spain to keep Filipinas because the native
Filipinos WANTED TO BE vassals. And the periodic
rebellions were due to INJUSTICES, ABUSES. But it
wasn't until 1896, upon the arrest of Rizal, that
Bonifacio founded the KKK because, like Rizal, the
TAGALOGS lost faith in the
goodwill of the Spanish administration, and because
hatred of the friar orders had become widespread
throughout the TAGALOG PROVINCES.
Actually, Hon, our 1896 Revolution was the revolution
of the Tagalogs. Even the Spanish called it "La
rebelión tagala". The Visayans went along, the
norteños (Ilocanos) went along, and the moros had
never stopped fighting the Spanish, but they did
support the Tagalog revolutionary cause (because
Tagalog military leaders traveled to Mindanao and
asked them to join, and they said, fine).
(In any revolutionary history, the idea of
independence does not immediately arise. First,
there is a revolt against injustice and discrimination,
usurpation, enslavement. There is an aspiration for
self-rule, autonomy. Not immediate jettisoning of
an entire worldview. A PROCESS unfolds that
matures as the will to self-government, the project
of freedom from external control, a new moment
of collective self-empowerment and dignification.)
xoxoxo
L.
Anyway, Vince Rafael is among "our" elite historians. In
my opinion, he is a politically correct U.S.-sponsored
Filipino historian. He will never cross that line.
He just makes sure he keeps his tenure and his
research grants keep coming; he has perks like
getting sent to Italy for three weeks so he can
concentrate on his latest book... he's cited in all the
papers and publications. It's his job.
(Meanwhile, in our land, the chaos grows, ignorance
reigns supreme, children grow up without parents....)
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